Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) activates AMPK and inhibits inflammatory signaling pathways including NF-κB and MAPK pathways.

AMPK^[1]

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) represents a class of natural polymers that holds therapeutic promise in several diseases due to not only its physiochemical properties including water-solubility and low viscosity but also its favorable pharmacological properties including good pharmacokinetics and safety profiles and diverse beneficial biological activities. Activation of AMPK and inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways including NF-κB and MAPK pathways are recognized as major mechanisms responsible for several effects of Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) including anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetes. COS can interrupt cancer progression at multiple stages by modulating several signaling proteins/pathways including NF-κB, AMPK, mTOR, caspase-3, CD147, MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) induced the death of several cancer cell types including ascites, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, leukemia, cervical cancer and colorectal cancer. The values of IC₅₀ of Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) in inducing cytotoxicity are 25 μg/mL-50 μg/mL depending on types of cancer cells^[1].

上海金畔生物科技有限公司 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

The oral administration of Chitosan oligosaccharide (16 mg/kg/day) suppresses the production of the proinflammatory cytokines involved in allergic reactions, i.e., IL-4, IL-13 and TNF-α, in the lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the mice. Last, an anti-inflammatory effect of Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on lymphocyte activation has been documented in a rat model of autoimmune anterior uveitis induced by immunization with bovine melanin-associated antigen^[1]. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) inhibits UV-induced macroscopic appearance in mice skin. Compared with healthy dorsal skin with smoothness and some shallow wrinkles of hairless mice in normal control group, UV exposure for 10 weeks triggers skin erythema, dry, thickening, sagging and coarse wrinkles, and even leathery appearance and slight flesh-colored lesion in the model mice, the visual score of which is markedly higher than that of the normal control group (p<0.05), indicating that UV induces photoaging in skin surface^[2].

上海金畔生物科技有限公司 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

148411-57-8

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

H₂O : 50 mg/mL (Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (Need ultrasonic)

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都请先按照 In Vitro 方式配制澄清的储备液，再依次添加助溶剂：

——为保证实验结果的可靠性，澄清的储备液可以根据储存条件，适当保存；体内实验的工作液，建议您现用现配，当天使用； 以下溶剂前显示的百
分比是指该溶剂在您配制终溶液中的体积占比；如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象，可以通过加热和/或超声的方式助溶

• 1.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： PBS

  Solubility: 100 mg/mL (Infinity mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
• 2.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% saline

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀；然后继续加入 450 μL生理盐水定容至 1 mL。

  将 0.9 g 氯化钠，完全溶解于 100 mL ddH₂O 中，得到澄清透明的生理盐水溶液

• 3.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL 20% 的 SBE-β-CD 生理盐水水溶液中，混合均匀。

  将 2 g 磺丁基醚 β-环糊精加入 5 mL 生理盐水中，再用生理盐水定容至 10 mL，完全溶解，澄清透明
• 4.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    90% corn oil

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液，此方案不适用于实验周期在半个月以上的实验。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL玉米油中，混合均匀。

• [1]. Muanprasat C, et al. Chitosan oligosaccharide: Biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Feb;170:80-97

  [2]. Kong SZ, et al. Anti-photoaging effects of chitosan oligosaccharide in ultraviolet-irradiated hairless mouse skin. Exp Gerontol. 2018 Mar;103:27-34.

Mice^[2]
Seven-week-old female hairless BALB/c mice (n=12), weighing approximately 16 g, are used. After a week of acclimation, the hairless mice are randomly divided into five groups of 6 mice per group: Normal control group (without UV irradiation but with double-distilled water treatment); Model group (UV irradiation with double-distilled water treatment); COS-L group, COS-M group and COS-H group (UV irradiation with 50 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL COS treatment, respectively). For mice used for topical application, 100 μL are applied to each mouse dorsal skin every time after UV-radiation. The dorsal treated skin area of mice is carefully wiped with soft absorbent cotton soaked in distilled water, and then wiped with dry cotton before each UV-radiation to remove any remaining Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS)^[2].

上海金畔生物科技有限公司 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• [1]. Muanprasat C, et al. Chitosan oligosaccharide: Biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Feb;170:80-97

  [2]. Kong SZ, et al. Anti-photoaging effects of chitosan oligosaccharide in ultraviolet-irradiated hairless mouse skin. Exp Gerontol. 2018 Mar;103:27-34.