Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA) sodium is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.

Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) suppresses both viability and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through inhibition of ERK phosphorylation, by induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) via PKCα. Tauroursodeoxycholate inhibits both the proliferation and migration of VSMCs via inhibition of ERK, through Ca²⁺-dependent PKCα translocation. Tauroursodeoxycholate prevents platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular injury-induced MMP-9 expression. The knock-down of MKP-1 using specific si-RNA restores the reduced VSMC viability by Tauroursodeoxycholate (200 μM), which suggests that anti-proliferative effect of Tauroursodeoxycholate depended on the MKP-1 expression^[1].

上海金畔生物科技有限公司 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

The effects of Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) on proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs in vivo are examined using immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay. Tauroursodeoxycholate (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) increases the caspase 3 activity of injured tissues in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that Tauroursodeoxycholate induces apoptosis of VSMCs in the neointima. Using the injured tissues, further examination and comparison of the phosphorylation level of ERK and MMP-9 expression is performed at 1 week after injury, compared with normal controls. Balloon injury increased both the phosphorylation of ERK and expression of MMP-9 in the tissues. Tauroursodeoxycholate (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) inhibits phosphorylation of ERK and MMP-9 expression in a dose-dependent manner^[1]. Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) is a hydrophilic bile acid. Tauroursodeoxycholate as a cytoprotective agent improves liver function and can prevent hepatocellular carcinoma by reducing ER stress and apoptosis. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3, caspase-12, C/EBP homologous protein, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), X-box binding protein (XBP), and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in Ang II induced ApoE^-/- mice (p<0.05). Tauroursodeoxycholate reduces Angiotensin (Ang) II induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation in ApoE^-/- mice. Tauroursodeoxycholate is used at a dose of 0.5 g/kg/day in treating Ang II induced ApoE^-/- mice (ER stress inhibitor group). Systolic blood pressure (141.3±5.6 mmHg vs 145.9±8.9 mmHg; p>0.05) and total cholesterol levels (663.6±88.7 mg/dL vs 655.7±65.4 mg/dL; p>0 .05) do not differ between the AAA model group and Tauroursodeoxycholate group. In addition, maximum aortic diameter is significantly smaller in those in Tauroursodeoxycholate group compared with those in the AAA model group (0.95±0.03 mm vs 1.79±0.04 mm; p<0.05). AAA lesion areas are also smaller in those in Tauroursodeoxycholate group than in those in the AAA model group (0.37±0.03 mm² vs 1.51±0.06 mm²; p<0.05)^[2].

上海金畔生物科技有限公司 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

521.69

C₂₆H₄₄NNaO₆S

35807-85-3

牛磺熊去氧胆酸钠；牛磺熊脱氧胆酸钠

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

H₂O : 100 mg/mL (191.68 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (191.68 mM; Need ultrasonic)

请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。
储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)。-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都请先按照 In Vitro 方式配制澄清的储备液，再依次添加助溶剂：

——为保证实验结果的可靠性，澄清的储备液可以根据储存条件，适当保存；体内实验的工作液，建议您现用现配，当天使用； 以下溶剂前显示的百
分比是指该溶剂在您配制终溶液中的体积占比；如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象，可以通过加热和/或超声的方式助溶

• 1.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： PBS

  Solubility: 100 mg/mL (191.68 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
• 2.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% saline

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.79 mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.79 mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀；然后继续加入 450 μL生理盐水定容至 1 mL。

  将 0.9 g 氯化钠，完全溶解于 100 mL ddH₂O 中，得到澄清透明的生理盐水溶液

• 3.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.79 mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.79 mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL 20% 的 SBE-β-CD 生理盐水水溶液中，混合均匀。

  将 2 g 磺丁基醚 β-环糊精加入 5 mL 生理盐水中，再用生理盐水定容至 10 mL，完全溶解，澄清透明
• 4.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    90% corn oil

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.79 mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.79 mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液，此方案不适用于实验周期在半个月以上的实验。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL玉米油中，混合均匀。

• [1]. Kim SY, et al. Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) inhibits neointimal hyperplasia by suppression of ERK via PKCα-mediated MKP-1 induction. Cardiovasc Res. 2011 Nov 1;92(2):307-16.

  [2]. Qin Y, et al. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Attenuates Angiotensin II Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mice by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017 Mar;53(3):337-345.

Cell viability and proliferation are measured using Ez-Cytox. VSMCs (5×10³ cells) are seeded onto 96-well plates in Smooth Muscle Cell Growth Medium 2 (SMCGM2) and cultured. After serum starvation, Tauroursodeoxycholate (0, 50, 100, and 200 μM) is added to the hVSMCs, with or without 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester (BAPTA, 10 μM) and 7-hydroxystaurosporine (H7, 10 μM) and cultured for 24 h. To assess the effect of Tauroursodeoxycholate on the PDGF-stimulated hVSMC proliferation, hVSMCs are seeded onto 96-well plates and cultured. After serum starvation, Tauroursodeoxycholate (0, 50, 100, and 200 μM) is added to the hVSMCs, with or without PDGF-BB (50 ng/mL) and cultured. After addition of 10 μL of Ez-Cytox into each well, cell viability is evaluated by measuring the optical density at 450 nm^[1].

上海金畔生物科技有限公司 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Rats^[1]
Sprague-Dawley rats are anaesthetized with a combined anaesthetic (Ketamine, 70 mg/kg; Xylazine, 7 mg/kg ip). Tauroursodeoxycholate is administered orally once a day, in different concentrations (i.e. vehicle, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. The carotid arteries are fixed by perfusion with 4% formaldehyde, then the tissues are embedded in paraffin, and sections (8 μm) are stained with H&E^[1].
Mice^[2]
Thirty ApoE^-/- C57BL/6 male mice aged 8 weeks are randomly divided into three groups (n=10 in each group): (i) sham operated and injected with physiologic (0.9%) saline as vehicle (normal: group); (ii) mini-osmotic pumps are implanted subcutaneously into the right flank of ApoE^-/- mice to release Ang II (1000 ng/kg/min) over the course of 28 days (AAA model group); (iii) AAA model mice treated with Tauroursodeoxycholate daily for 4 weeks at a dosage of 0.5 g/kg/day in drinking water (Tauroursodeoxycholate group). Mice are sacrificed after 28 days of Ang II infusion^[2].

上海金畔生物科技有限公司 has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• [1]. Kim SY, et al. Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) inhibits neointimal hyperplasia by suppression of ERK via PKCα-mediated MKP-1 induction. Cardiovasc Res. 2011 Nov 1;92(2):307-16.

  [2]. Qin Y, et al. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Attenuates Angiotensin II Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mice by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017 Mar;53(3):337-345.